DNA Essay - 1420 Words

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid are two chemical substances involved in transmitting genetic information from parent to offspring. It was known early into the 20th century that chromosomes, the genetic material of cells, contained DNA. In 1944, Oswald T. Avery, Colin M. MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty concluded that DNA was the basic genetic component of chromosomes. Later, RNA would be proven to regulate protein synthesis. (Miller, 139) DNA is the genetic material found in most viruses and in all cellular organisms. Some viruses do not have DNA, but contain RNA instead. Depending on the organism, most DNA is found within a single chromosome like bacteria, or in several chromosomes like most other living things. (Heath, 110)†¦show more content†¦(Grolier Encyclopedia, 1992) DNA does not act directly in the process of protein synthesis because it does not leave the nucleus, so a special ribonucleic acid is used as a messenger (mRNA). The mRNA carries the genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus out to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm during transcription. (Miller, 76) This leads to the topic of replication. When DNA replicates, the two strands of the double helix separate from one another. While the strands separate, each nitrogenous base on each strand attracts it’s own complement, which as mentioned earlier, attaches with hydrogen bonds. As the bases are bonded an enzyme called DNA polymerase combines the phosphate of one nucleotide to the deoxyribose of the opposite nucleotide. This forms a new polynucleotide chain. The new DNA strand stays attached to the old one through the hydrogen bonds, and together they form a new DNA double helix molecule. (Heath, 119) (Miller, 144-145) As mentioned before, DNA molecules are involved in a process called protein synthesis. Without RNA, this process could not be completed. RNA is the genetic material of some viruses. RNA molecules are like DNA. They have a long chain of macromolecules made up of nucleotides. Each RNA nucleotide is also made up of three basic parts. There is a sugar called ribose, and at one end of the sugar is the phosphate group, and at the other end is one of several nitrogenous bases. There are four main nitrogenous bases found inShow MoreRelatedDna Analysis On Dna And Dna1535 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the genetic material of life and is made up of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides are monomers made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base. (Freeman, 2014) The way that DNA is able to store information is in its nitrogenous bases. There are four different types of nitrogenous bases that DNA strands contain: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T). These nitrogenous bases in DNA are each different,Read MoreDn Dna And Dna1128 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1 To clone complementary DNA (cDNA), it is necessary to obtain a library including the sequence of interest. Then the clones that are of interest are isolated and tested to ensure they are the right clones. cDNA is then synthesized through reverse transcription by the reverse transcriptase enzyme which yields a complementary DNA from the RNA. The cDNA is incorporated into a vector to allow for manipulation. Screening is then done using cultures such as E.coli bacterial lawns. The cDNA isRead MoreDna Analysis : Dna And Dna2142 Words   |  9 Pages DNA polymerases are vital in how an organism can sustain life. DNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides and are accountable for DNA replication. They are absolutely critical for DNA replication and will typically work in sets so that they can create two identical sets of DNA strands from one single strand of DNA. DNA polymerase will catalyze the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn diphosphate + DNAn+1. DNA polymerases are extremely importantRead MoreDna And Sequence Of Dna Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pages DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a self-replicating nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in cells in a double helix structure. The 2 stranded helix is composed of 4 nucleotides, Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). The base pairs only form between A and T connected by 2 Hydrogen bonds and G and C connected by 3 hydrogen bonds. Foremost DNA wrapping comes about as DNA wraps around protein called histones. These combined loops of DNA and protein are called nucleosomesRead MoreDna, Evidence, And Dna Evidence997 Words   |  4 Pagestestimony, documentary evidence, real evidence, exculpatory evidence, inculpatory evidence, demonstrative evidence, and DNA evidence. However, the piece of evidence I will choose to talk about is DNA evidence which is also known as DNA profiling. This piece of evidence changed the landscape of the justice system when it was first introduced 1986 by Professor Alec Jeffreys; he developed DNA fingerprinting techniques to link two rapes/murders to a perpetrator named Colin Pitchfork while exonerating an innocentRead MoreDna And Ethics Of Recombinant Dna1601 Words   |  7 Pages Recombinant DNA and Ethics Brooke Boland BIO/410 - Genetics October 23, 2017 Miranda Gauthier Recombinant DNA and Ethics Recombinant DNA technology has become a powerful influence to many fields including medicine, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. Genetic modifications of plants, animals and other organisms have allowed scientists to improve the quality of human life. As genetic engineering continues to rapidly grow, many ethical, social and legal issues arise evaluating the risksRead MoreDna Analysis : Strawberry Dna Extraction1685 Words   |  7 Pages Strawberry DNA Extraction Sara Awad 795149 Read MoreDna Damage, Repair, And Dna Methylation Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pagesdamaged DNA seems to be an understudied subject, there is much to understand on the restoration of DNA damage, repair and DNA methylation. Genomic DNA can be modified by methylation but much of it is affected on a gene when silenced. When epigenetic modification has been implicated with cancer and aging it causes DNA methylation to also have an impact on the double strand of DNA analysis. Modification as such provoke deteriorating changes like aging found in multicellular organisms and DNA damageRead MoreDNA Technologies 1012 Words   |  5 PagesThe structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 and revealed to the world by James Watson and Francis Crick.1 Since then, there has been a whirlwind of activity and discovery in the fields associated with DNA. We have found that DNA is not only a set of instructions for the body, but that it also contains a lot of information about the individual who â€Å"owns† the DNA. As it is rapidly becoming cheaper and easier to process DNA, it is becoming more difficult to make sure that there is adequate legislatureRead MoreThe Definition of DNA916 Words   |  4 PagesDNA: DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for cell growth, division, and function. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria .The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four nitrogen bases which are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). these nitrogen bases are bind with

Excuses free essay sample

To Whom It May Concern: Writing a letter of special circumstance is a bittersweet experience for me. On the one side, its a wonderful opportunity to explain why my grade point average isnt where it should be. However, on the other, I feel as if I should just deal with the events and not try to make excuses for them. But still, here I am, writing about past mishaps and shortcomings, direly hoping that an explanation will earn me the right to go to Gustavus. It seems as though every year of my high school career held some sort of new personal challenge. Ive always been praised as an intelligent student and fast learner, but when depression set in, my motivation simply dropped. As a freshman at Osceola High School, my struggles were early to set in. My parents had recently divorced the summer before, and consequentially I was being bounced back and forth between houses and dealing with being the buffer between my parents mutual dislike for one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Excuses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many of their troubles had to do with the drowning of my little brother four years before, and they seemed to need to find someone to blame. Granted, my ten-year-old brain couldnt comprehend his death when I witnessed it, but as I grew, I let the guilt settle on myself. Of course, Im not the only child who has had to deal with a tumultuous divorce, but the added weight of coming out at a very young age was a little too much to handle. Being the gay kid set me apart in my small, rural high school, and thus, depression descended. My grades reflect my downward spiral in every year of my education. First semester is great, Im still summer-high—and then the constant abuse finally gets to me. Sophomore year, I moved in with my mother and switched schools. The pattern continued. As a junior, I regrettably reached the peak of my mental unhealthiness. After a ten-day stay in the hospital in November of 2006, it was very difficult to bounce back. As my transcript shows, Ive never failed anything, but a 2.93 GPA is not going to get me into a school whose accepting average is 3.67. However, my intelligence does assert itself in my ACT score, a 27. (Also, this score will only get better, as I am retaking the test in October.) For the record, my senior year will not portray my negative habit. While it may have taken a long three years, I have my depression in check, I am confident in myself and who I am, and I have no intention of not applying myself in class. I am prepared to give one hundred percent, and by the end of this year, my GPA will definitely be above the 3.0 spectrum. Gustavus is my top college choice—the grounds are beautiful, the architecture is superb, and the staff and students are a family that I want to fit into. I want to contribute to the college and make a name for myself; I want to prove that I really am a smart person. I only wish that this letter would be taken into careful consideration, instead of being seen as just a whiny excuse. My heart is bent on showing Im worth of being accepted. Sincerely, LaTischa